Class Central is learner-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission.

Treehouse

Python Comprehensions

via Treehouse

Overview

This course teaches learners how to use Python comprehensions to write concise and readable code. By the end of the course, students will be able to create list comprehensions, dictionary comprehensions, and set comprehensions in Python. The course covers the syntax and best practices for using comprehensions effectively. The teaching method includes video lectures, hands-on coding exercises, and quizzes to reinforce learning. This course is intended for individuals familiar with Python programming who want to enhance their skills and write more efficient code using comprehensions.

Syllabus

Treehouse: HTML, CSS, PHP, JS, and Python Development Courseswindow.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"d98036d1cc","applicationID":"1824378","transactionName":"cQ5eRRQNCQ8BFhZUXlATUUMfTQwNAAFB","queueTime":1,"applicationTime":408,"agent":""}(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:[]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"VwIBVldWGwIIVlVRAAk=",licenseKey:"d98036d1cc",applicationID:"1824378"};;(()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},8768:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{T:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n=/(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/g.test(navigator.userAgent),i=n&&Boolean("undefined"==typeof SharedWorker)},880:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>f,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>m,OP:()=>_,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>T});var n=r(6797),i=r(4286);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var d=r(2797);const u=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},l={};function f(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]=(0,i.D)(t,u()),(0,n.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=f(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i{r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(8610);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},1651:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.234.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>u,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function d(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var d=0;s&&d{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{ee:()=>d});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(880),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var d;function u(){}function l(){return new u}function f(){d.aborted=!0,d.backlog={}}c.ee?d=c.ee:(d=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},h={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:x,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:A,abort:f,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof u?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!d.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),u=s.length,l=0;ln,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>d,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s{r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},2053:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},6368:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(2374),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},7269:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>u});var n=r(7022),i=r(3752),o=r(9252),a=r(4329),s=r(2325);const c={stn:[s.D.sessionTrace],err:[s.D.jserrors,s.D.metrics],ins:[s.D.pageAction],spa:[s.D.spa],sr:[s.D.sessionReplay]};function d(e,t){var r=i.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,n.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(c[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,o.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));u[e]||((0,o.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,c[e],r),u[e]=!0)})),(0,a.L)(t,s.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},3916:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})();const a=""+o.location},7022:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},2438:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(3752);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>u,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function u(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},7264:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>m,u5:()=>j,QU:()=>P,gy:()=>k,BV:()=>F,Kf:()=>Z});var n=r(3752);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,d="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c2?n-2:0),o=2;o{r(A[_],e,w),r(E[_],e,w)})),r(f._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const S={},O=["pushState","replaceState"];function P(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!f.il||S[t.debugId]++||(S[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,O,"-")),t}var R=r(8544);var C=r(880);const N={},I="requestAnimationFrame";function k(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("raf")}(e);if(!f.il||N[t.debugId]++)return t;N[t.debugId]=1;var r=s(t);return r.inPlace(window,[I],"raf-"),t.on("raf-start",(function(e){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-")})),t}const H={},z="setTimeout",L="setInterval",M="clearTimeout",B="-start",q="-",U=[z,"setImmediate",L,M,"clearImmediate"];function F(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(H[t.debugId]++)return t;H[t.debugId]=1;var r=s(t);return r.inPlace(f._A,U.slice(0,2),z+q),r.inPlace(f._A,U.slice(2,3),L+q),r.inPlace(f._A,U.slice(3),M+q),t.on(L+B,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(z+B,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}var V=r(8610);const G={},X=["open","send"];function Z(e){var t=e||n.ee;const r=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("xhr")}(t);if(G[r.debugId]++)return r;G[r.debugId]=1,m(t);var i=s(r),o=C.Yu.XHR,a=C.Yu.MO,c=C.Yu.PR,d=C.Yu.SI,u="readystatechange",l=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],h=[],g=f._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){var t=new o(e);function n(){try{r.emit("new-xhr",[t],t),t.addEventListener(u,b,(0,R.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,V.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR",e);try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}return this.listeners=g?[...g,n]:[n],this.listeners.forEach((e=>e())),t};function v(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,l,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,X,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){v(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):d?d(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",v),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!d&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.ajax},8322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},6034:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6486:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageAction},2484:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},6382:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},2628:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,BST_TIMER:()=>u,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>d,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>l,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,d="fn"+s,u="bstTimer",l="pushState"},1509:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(880),i=r(3752);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},3975:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>v});var n=r(2325),i=r(880),o=r(9252),a=r(3752),s=r(2053),c=r(4329),d=r(2650),u=r(2374),l=r(8610),f=r(6034),h=r(6797);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i1?r-1:0),i=1;i{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(7269);function v(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},v=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,m=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:v},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const _=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(v,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},u.v6?A():(0,d.b)((()=>A()),!0),h}(e,m);return(0,h.Qy)(e,_,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),_}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"e03e2220",147:"75d6a08d",193:"715c3096",242:"9219a813",286:"d701d70f",317:"8c74e315",348:"ad791b05",412:"fe5af5d1",439:"bbe52263",538:"1b18459f",590:"36b41a12",646:"c6971123",675:"ae9f91a8",786:"e157f7ce",873:"e1bcad73",898:"716f46cf"}[e]+"-1.234.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=703,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={703:0,228:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,d=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);d{i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(880);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(3975);var s=i(9252),c=i(8768),d=i(4329),u=i(1509),l=i(2650),f=i(2374),h=i(8610);class g extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,d.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(r){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;let n,o;this.hasAggregator=!0,!0!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled")||f.v6||(o=Promise.all([i.e(286),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3289)).catch((e=>{(0,h.Z)("failed to import the session manager",e)})));const a=async()=>{try{if(o&&!n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await o;n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}if(!function(t,r){return t!==e.D.sessionReplay||(!!r?.isNew||!!r?.state.sessionReplayActive)}(this.featureName,n))return void(0,d.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:t}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,3160)),{Aggregate:a}=await t(this.featureName,"aggregate");new a(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,r)}catch(e){(0,h.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.()}};f.v6?a():(0,l.b)((()=>a()),!0)}}var p=i(2484),v=i(2053);class m extends g{static featureName=p.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,p.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.T)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[p.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,l.K)((()=>n[p.qw]=Math.max((0,v.z)()-n[p.Dz],0))),(0,l.b)((()=>{const t=(0,v.z)();n[p.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[p.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var b=i(9557),y=i(7022);class w extends b.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,y.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=x(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,y.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=x(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=A(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=x(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;it.max&&(t.max=e),e2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,P.t,n),f.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,S.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,v.z)()],void 0,P.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,v.z)()],void 0,P.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var C=i(6034);class N extends g{static featureName=C.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,C.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var I,k=i(3916),H=i(7264),z=i(3752),L={};try{I=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==I.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==I.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function M(e){try{L.console&&M(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&z.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){M(e.stack)})),L.dev&&z.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){M(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(M("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),M("flags: "+(0,y.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var B=i(8322);class q extends g{static featureName=B.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,B.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&!r[B.A]&&((0,k.X)(r,B.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,F(r,void 0,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,v.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=f._A.onerror,f._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),f._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,j.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,v.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,H.gy)(this.ee),(0,H.BV)(this.ee),(0,H.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,H.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:F(o||new U(t,r,n),!0,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,v.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function U(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}function F(t,r,n){var i=r?null:(0,v.z)();(0,s.p)("err",[t,i],void 0,e.D.jserrors,n)}let V=1;const G="nr@id";function X(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===f._A?0:(0,k.X)(e,G,(function(){return V++}))}var Z=i(9071);function W(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var Q=i(6368);class K{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,D.M)(),s=(0,D.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),d={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(d.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),d.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(d.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),d}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof f._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Y.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new K(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,H.u5)(this.ee),(0,H.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),Z.I||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},_(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=W(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,v.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,v.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof ee?r=i.url:f._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),_(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof ee&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=W(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,v.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,v.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,he.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,D.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new w({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,h.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,j.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,h.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[m,R,class extends g{static featureName=de;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!f.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;this.timerEE=(0,H.BV)(n),this.rafEE=(0,H.gy)(n),(0,H.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,H.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(le,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,v.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ue,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,v.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.timerEE.on(le,(function(e,t,r){this.bstStart=(0,v.z)(),this.bstType=r})),this.timerEE.on(ue,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)(ae,[r,this.bstStart,(0,v.z)(),this.bstType],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.rafEE.on(le,(function(){this.bstStart=(0,v.z)()})),this.rafEE.on(ue,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)(ae,[r,this.bstStart,(0,v.z)(),"requestAnimationFrame"],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(fe+se,(function(e){this.time=(0,v.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(fe+ce,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(ie,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:oe,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},re,N,ge,q],loaderType:"pro"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); header, footer, .graph, .nav, svg { display: none } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; dataLayer.push({"loggedIn":false,"visitorId":8380151674,"userId":null}); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PZ55S7'); window.bugsnagClient = bugsnag({ apiKey: "8251a8eb6422d59eaf410e7c1b1c7b38", releaseStage: "production", beforeSend: function (report) { if (window.location.hostname != "teamtreehouse.com") { report.ignore(); } } }); function OptanonWrapper() { window.dataLayer.push({ event: "OneTrustGroupsUpdated" }) } // function navMessage(x) { const navAnnouncement = document.getElementsByClassName("nav-announcement"); const navAnnouncementTextColor = navAnnouncement[0].getAttribute("data-text-color"); if (navAnnouncement.length > 0) { if (x.matches) { // If media query matches navAnnouncement[0].innerHTML = `

Check this out: Git and GitHub Workflow for Developers` } else { navAnnouncement[0].innerHTML = `Check this out: Git and GitHub Workflow for Developers ` } // Find all anchor tags within the nav-announcement element and apply the same color const anchorTags = navAnnouncement[0].querySelectorAll('a'); for (let i = 0; i < anchorTags.length; i++) { anchorTags[i].style.color = navAnnouncementTextColor; } } } const x = window.matchMedia("(max-width: 1124px)"); navMessage(x); x.addListener(navMessage);

  • Home
  • Free Trial
  • Sign In
  • Plans
  • Tracks
  • Library
  • Community
  • Support
  • Jobs

Welcome to the Treehouse Library

This is a sample catalog of all the courses we offer. Browse by topic or difficulty. Sign up today and get access to our entire library. Treehouse students get access to workshops, bonus content, conferences, and more.

Ready to start learning?

Treehouse offers a 7 day free trial for new students. Get access to 1000s of hours of content. Learn to code, land your dream job.

Start Your Free Trial Filters:
  • Newest
    • Newest
    • Oldest
    • Alphabetical
    • Difficulty
  • Content type
    • All Types
    • Course
    • Workshop
    • Practice
    • Conference
    • Bonus Series
  • All Topics
    • All Topics
    • • AI
    • • JavaScript
    • • Databases
    • • Python
    • • Design
    • • React
    • • HTML
    • • CSS
    • • Data Analysis
    • • Java
    • • C#
    • • Android
    • • Computer Science
    • • PHP
    • • Quality Assurance
    • • APIs
    • • Security
    • • Digital Literacy
    • • Development Tools
    • • Business
    • • 21st Century Skills
    • • Ruby
    • • Machine Learning
    • • Learning Resources
    • • Go Language
    • • Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)
View all Tracks

Popular Tracks

These are some of the most common tracks students start with.

    55 hours

    Track

    Front End Web Development

    Learn to code websites using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

    • Explore
    • Play
    • An entry-level salary for the technologies covered in this track is about $51,000 / yr on average.

    • Some companies that use these technologies regularly include: Google, Facebook, Yahoo, eBay, Amazon, and Treehouse.

    14 hours

    Track

    Beginning Python

    Learn the general purpose programming language Python and build large and small applications and tools.

    • Explore
    • Play
    • An entry-level salary for the technologies covered in this track is about $70,000 / yr on average.

    • Some companies that use these technologies regularly include: Google, NASA, Nokia, IBM, Digg, Dropbox, Pinterest, Reddit, Yelp, Apple, and Amazon.

    41 hours

    Track

    Full Stack JavaScript

    Learn JavaScript, Node.js, and Express to become a professional JavaScript developer.

    • Explore
    • Play
    • An entry-level salary for the technologies covered in this track is about $65,000 / yr on average.

    • Some companies that use these technologies regularly include: Walmart, PayPal, Groupon, Airbnb.

Topics

Browse content by the topics that interest you most.

  • AI
  • JavaScript
  • Databases
  • Python
  • Design
  • React
  • HTML
  • CSS
  • Data Analysis
  • Java
  • C#
  • Android
  • Computer Science
  • PHP
  • Quality Assurance
  • APIs
  • Security
  • Digital Literacy
  • Development Tools
  • Business
  • 21st Century Skills
  • Ruby
  • Machine Learning
  • Learning Resources
  • Go Language
  • Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)

Change Your Career, Change Your Life

With 100s of courses and more to come, Treehouse is the best way to learn how to code.

Start Your Free Trial View all 285

Courses

Browse courses across an array of topics and disciplines.

    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
    • 4
    2 hours Course

    Introduction to HTML and CSS

    | 87616 students

    Get started creating web pages with HTML and CSS, the basic building blocks of web development. HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is a standard set of tags you will use to tell the web browser how the content of your web pages and applications are structured. Use CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, to select HTML tags and tell the browser what your content should look like. Whether you are coding for fun or planning to start a career in web development, learning HTML and CSS is a great place to start.

    Checkmark
    • HTML
    • Beginner
      • 1
      • 2
      • 3
      • 4
      3 hours Course

      JavaScript Basics

      | 21528 students

      JavaScript is a programming language that drives the web: from front-end user interface design to server-side backend programming, you'll find JavaScript at every stage of a website and web application. In this course, you'll learn the fundamental programming concepts and syntax of the JavaScript programming language.

      Checkmark
      • JavaScript
      • Beginner
        • 1
        • 2
        • 3
        • 4
        3 hours Course

        HTML Basics

        | 49790 students

        Learn HTML (HyperText Markup Language), the language common to every website. HTML describes the basic structure and content of a web page. If you want to build a website or web application, you'll need to know HTML.

        Checkmark
        • HTML
        • Beginner
          • 1
          • 2
          • 3
          • 4
          3 hours Course

          Python Basics

          | 24195 students

          Learn the building blocks of the wonderful general purpose programming language Python.

          Checkmark
          • Python
          • Beginner
            • 1
            • 2
            • 3
            • 4
            3 hours Course

            CSS Basics

            | 9049 students

            In this course, we're going to learn the basics of CSS, one of the core technologies for designing and building websites and applications. No matter what kind of website or web application you want to build, you'll have to use CSS. If you haven't written much CSS, or even if you’ve never written CSS at all, don’t worry. That's what this course is for. We’ll start with basic CSS concepts, then gradually progress to more advanced topics and lessons.

            Checkmark
            • CSS
            • Beginner
              • 1
              • 2
              • 3
              • 4
              2 hours Course

              CSS Layout

              | 7116 students

              In this course, we're going to learn techniques for better control over our CSS layouts. We’ll cover how the CSS Box Model impacts the presentation of each HTML element, learn to control the position of each element onscreen, and even begin to adjust our layouts for different screen sizes and environments.

              Checkmark
              • CSS
              • Beginner
                • 1
                • 2
                • 3
                2 hours Course

                JavaScript and the DOM

                | 3846 students

                JavaScript lets you create interactive web pages which can respond to a user's actions. In this course, you'll learn how to bring web pages to life using the power of JavaScript.

                Checkmark
                • JavaScript
                • Beginner
                  • 1
                  • 2
                  • 3
                  • 4
                  2 hours Course

                  React Basics

                  | 8204 students

                  React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces. React makes building and maintaining your application's user interface faster and easier by breaking it up into smaller, reusable components. It also helps eliminate the complexity of updating your DOM elements when the user interacts with your application.

                  Checkmark
                  • JavaScript
                  • Intermediate
                    • 1
                    • 2
                    • 3
                    2 hours Course

                    SQL Basics

                    | 28110 students

                    In SQL Basics, we’ll take a look at what databases are and how you can retrieve information from them. Databases can store massive amounts of information to be retrieved at a later date. Databases act as the memory for dynamic web sites or mobile apps.

                    Checkmark
                    • Databases
                    • Beginner
                      • 1
                      • 2
                      • 3
                      • 4
                      68 min Course

                      Node.js Basics

                      | 627 students

                      In this course we will create two command line applications using the popular server-side JavaScript platform Node.js. We'll be creating an application to retrieve a student's Treehouse profile information and be working with a dictionary API to retrieve definitions of a given word.

                      Checkmark
                      • JavaScript
                      • Intermediate
                        • 1
                        • 2
                        • 3
                        3 hours Course

                        Introduction to Git

                        | 10807 students

                        Git is a version control system - it helps you manage the different versions of your project files, and helps keep your work safe. This course will show you how Git works, and how to upload your projects to GitHub.

                        Checkmark
                        • Dev Tools
                        • Beginner
                          • 1
                          • 2
                          • 3
                          • 4
                          • 5
                          3 hours Course

                          C# Basics

                          | 3301 students

                          C# is the most popular programming language in the Microsoft ecosystem of products. C# code is designed to run fast and to be easily maintainable. In C# Basics, we'll learn how to work with C# to write simple programs.

                          Checkmark
                          • C#
                          • Beginner

                        Taught by

                        Rachel Johnson

                        Reviews

                        Start your review of Python Comprehensions

                        Never Stop Learning.

                        Get personalized course recommendations, track subjects and courses with reminders, and more.

                        Someone learning on their laptop while sitting on the floor.